THE CHANGE OF MATTER
Everything on this earth is not everlasting, except God, The Great Creator. Changes have been controlled by Him in such a way, so harmonious regularity is created. What we must do now are thinking of, assigning meaning to, and thanking what have been determined in the changes.

1. Physical Changes
The case of ice melting above is one of the examples of physical changes processes. that is because when ice melts, only a phase changes occurs. We need to remember that the phase of substances is a physical property of the substances.
For every object which changes without producing any new substances, the changes is called physical changes. Based on the case, we can conclude that in a physical change there are only physical property changes, which do not cause the formation of any new substance. Besides the phenomenon of melting ice, the examples of physical changes among other are tasteless water that become sweet than sugar is dissolved in it; carton paper which is changed into a cardboard box, wood which is changed into a chair, box, and other furniture; and so on.
How do we know that the change of a substance is a physical change? Basically, the physical change has the characteristics as follows.
a. Substances which have changed can regain its initial form easily.
b. In a physical change, no new substances are formed.
c. A physical change is followed by the change in physical properties of the
substance.

2. Chemical Change
Have you ever burnt rubbish? What can you see? Rubbish or anything burned usually changes into ash, charcoal, and smoke. The ash, charcoal, and smoke produced for the burning process have no characteristics like the objects before being burned. It means, the ash, charcoal, and smoke formed in a burning process have new characteristics which are different from the properties of the initial substance(before being burned).
All changes of objects which producing new substances are called chemical changes. The chemical elements of rubbish (plastics, paper, wood) are different from that of ash and charcoal produced in burning process. Thus, the burning is a process of chemical change.
Based on the explanation above, we can conclude that in a chemical properties a substance changes. Usually, the chemical change of a substance is called chemical reaction.
How can we know that the change of a substance is a chemical change?
Basically, a chemical change has characteristics as follows.
a. Substances which have changed are difficult or impossible to regain their
initial form.
b. In a chemical change, new substance are formed.
c. A chemical change is followed by the change in both chemical and physical
properties of the substance trough a process called chemical reaction.
Exercise
1. Explain the differences between of physical and chemical changes.
Scientific Activity
1. Instruments and Materials
a. Nickel wire (50 cm)
b. A candle
c. Paper
d. Magnesium ribbon
e. Matches

2. Working Procedures
a. Burn each materials (candle, paper, nickel wire, and magnesium ribbon) by turns.
b. Observe the initial condition of the materials before being burned and after
being burned

3. Final Assignment
a. What can you see at each substance before being burned?
b. What can you see at each substance after being burned?
c. Compare the results and show which change is physical and which is chemical.
d. Make a report from your observation including the analysis, discussion, and
conclusion.
Chemical Reactions
The process of a chemical change is often called by the term of chemical reaction. Substances changing in a chemical reaction is called reactans, while substances produced trough a chemical reaction are called products. Simply, a chemical reaction can be written in the form of reaction equation as follows.
A chemical reaction can be distinguished from other processes. It is because usually a chemical reaction is indicated by the occurrence of the change in colour, sediments, gases, and the change in temperature.
Benefits of Matter Changes
The process of matter changes, whether physical or chemical changes, has important roles for human life. It is because basically most of natural materials exploited from this nature by humans being cannot by used directly to meet the needs of human life. However, the materials need to be processed first through both physical and chemical processes before they finally can be used.
Some processes of physical changes are widely used to help human beings, for example the process to exploit materials for medicines in many various plants, process in making sugar, process in making salt, and so on.
Meanwhile, the chemical change principles are widely used in the processes of making tape (fermented rice or cassava), making fertilizers, manufacturing metals, and so on. Moreover, they are widely applied in pharmaceutical industry and processes in obtaining new materials and artificial chemical substances (synthetic materials), such as PVC plastic, nylon, and so on, which commonly can give an ease to human life.

You Should Know This PVC
You certainly have heard the term PVC, haven’t you? The term is not strange to us any more in everyday life. Do you know the meaning of PVC? PVC is the abbreviation of the name of a chemical compound known as polyvinyl chloride. It is an artificial compound which is in the form of plastic widely used as pipes, roofs, bottles, and other equipment. This PVC plastic is a kind of plastic which is hard, sturdy, resistible to water. This PVC plastic is made trough a chemical reaction called polymerization reaction.

Change of State Matter

Changes of States of matter

Classification

Animals are separated into groups or categories so that they are more easily studied and discussed by scientists and others.
Animal Classification:
1. Mammals
2. Aves (Birds)
3. Reptiles
4. Amphibians
5. Fishes

1. Mammals
Characteristics:
• Have teeth
• Have hair
• Warm blooded
• Have single jaw bone
• Have inner ear bones
• Produce milk for their young
2. Aves
Characteristics:
• Have feathers
• Lay eggs
• Have bodies specially adapted for flight
• Have a beak rather than teeth
• Their nearly hollow bones provide light weight strength
• Live almost everywhere on Earth
3. Reptiles
Characteristics:
• Have scales
• Lay leather eggs on land
• Often called cold blooded because they can’t regulate their own body
temperature
• Retiles do not use energy to fuel internal”furnaces”
• Although reptiles breathe through lungs, some reptiles can also absorb
oxygen in water through their mouth.
4. Amphibians
Characteristics:
• Cold blooded vertebrate (backbone)
• Lay their eggs in water
• Young amphibians tend to resemble small fish
• Amphibian means “two live”, a reference to the change that frogs go through
as they move from egg to tadpole to frog.
• Even as adults, most frogs and other amphibians must stay close to water.
5. Fish
Characteristics:
• Cold blooded vertebrate (backbone)
• Live in water
• Usually have paired fins, gills and scales
• Most fish lay large numbers of eggs, but some have live birth
• Most fish breathe by drawing water over four or five pairs of gills.

Kuda (Mammalia)

Katak (Amphibian)

Reptile